Health and Diet Essay Example for Free

Arbitration Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Discretion Law - Essay Example With the quick walks made by the world money related and business networks, it has gotten basic for organizations to have a demonstrated technique for settling business debates speedily, quickly and usefully. At the point when organizations develop and extend it is regular that debates will emerge. In wake of this, parties frequently favor a private and casual settlement of debates, in an efficient design that empower them to facilitate their business advantages without choking their business relationship. It is for such events that assertion is designedâ€for brief, realistic and productive goals of debates. Intervention is basically a procedure of question goals propelled by ones through and through freedom where an unbiased outsider renders a last and restricting choice after the concerned sides have introduced their perspectives. This strategy is especially valuable in global business exchanges where gatherings are frequently new to outside lawful frameworks. The gatherings may live in various distinctive geographic areas, each subject to very various laws and legitimate frameworks. Matters get significantly more entangled if their exchanges include exercises in different locales, where they in any case have no nearness or commonality. With obvious deviations from a legal methodology, discretion is directed outside the court framework by unbiased referees chose by the concerned gatherings dependent on the models that best suit the idea of the agreement.

Listening to Music While Studying Can Improve Grades free essay sample

The Golden Solution: Listening to Music while Studying Imagine the day when you see your childs report card, and all you see are As, and you are quietly gazing at your childs grades. Is it true that you are as yet trusting that that second will come when you will be pleased with your kid for getting passing marks? Have you at any point asked why your kid has not had the option to get along nicely at school? It is potentially in light of the fact that your kid has not been presented to tuning in to music while considering. Tuning in to music could be the brilliant answer for your kid. Understudies certainly should be conceded the opportunity to listen music during classes. Tuning in to music while considering assists with keeping ones brain loose. It additionally helps in completing work quicker and in remembrance. For certain individuals, music fills in as an interruption, however this doesn't have any significant bearing for everybody. It ought to likewise be perceived that music helps keep the mind loose, upbeat, and caution (Listening to music while you study makes you more brilliant standard. 5). As expressed in an article Music and Learning on calling. Et site, Music loosens up the brain and brings down feelings of anxiety that Inhibit learning (CTD. In Petersen standard. 2). Ms. Jennifer Lingoes, an instructor at Floyd Dryden Middle School says, Music Is the best thing at any point evaluated. Music can be unwinding, on the grounds that it causes you disregard things that are unpleasant and help you to center (Petersen standard. 3). A few people accept that tunes with verses and tune can occupy an understudy while contemplating, and thus, the speed of accomplishing work will diminish. In any case, it must be perceived that there are different sorts of music, for example, old style or Instrumental music.These kinds of music advance In increasing higher fixation than contrasted with music with wryly. As Choc proposes, with this state, when the cerebrum Is loose and quiet, work Is done quicker and tit less blunders. In an investigation distributed in the diary of Neuroscience of Behavior and Psychology it was discovered that a people capacity to discover pictures, letters and numbers is quicker when old style music is being played (CTD. In Choc sec. 4). Indeed, my own special companion, Pamela, from the outset, used to differ with me that tuning in to music helps In completing schoolwork faster.I proposed her to tune in to Instrumental music by Beethoven while considering. After she attempted It, her reaction was: l was absolutely off-base, I so concur with you now. It really makes a difference. With this possibility, of having the option to knish work quicker, a kid can exploit the additional time that is left close by. Your kid can invest the additional energy doing different exercises or their limps. That, yet your kid will have the option to invest more energy with you on ends of the week. Notwithstanding that, when homework completes quicker, one can rest earlier.Going to bed on time Is a need for any youngster: to have the option to have the enough measure of rest and furthermore, to have the option to concentrate on what's going on In class instead of feeling lousy and tired. I am certain you have those tunes that when you hear them, it helps you to remember some memory connected to its song. This happens to everybody, including your kids. This shows music is handily consumed by ones cerebrum (Lucas standard. 1). Music expands ones ability in remembering data. This expertise assists with composing tests and tests confidently.Favorite tunes invigorate our memory In No were given melodic guidance had higher memory aptitudes, yet in addition exceeded expectations more contrasted with their friends in non-melodic instruction, for example, math and education (Summers standard. 3). At the point when utilized adequately, it builds alpha levels in the mind, boosting memory and review and permitting the cerebrum to get to save For certain individuals, tuning in to music may not appear limits (Petersen sec. 1). Like the protected course to getting higher evaluations, yet one can contend that since music helps n remembrance, music can help during tests.Plus, music makes ones psyche progressively loose and less focused on (Petersen standard. 2). Having a casual perspective can truly Improve how the cerebrum capacities. Music helps in accomplishing higher evaluations. Understudies No tuned in to old style music (with sixty to seventy beats for each moment) while contemplating scored on normal twelve percent more in their Math tests (Listening to music Nile you study makes you more intelligent standard. ). Acing tests and getting higher evaluations is something all guardians need from their children.ODonnell claims that One basic Nay understudies can improve test scores is by tuning in to particular kinds of music, for example, Mozart Sonata for two Pianos in D Major before stepping through an examination. The intensity of Mozart sonatas can be seen in the outcomes from an IQ test led on three gatherings of undergrads. The main gathering tuned in to a Mozart sonata before stepping through the exam. The subsequent gathering tuned in to an unwinding tape before their test. The third gathering didn't tune in to anything before the test. The main gathering had the most elevated score Ninth a normal of 119.The second gathering wound up with a normal of 1, and the third gathering had the least score with a normal of 110. Kids ought to be urged to listen music while examining. Music helps in keeping the psyche loose, however it even aides in completing work quicker. In addition, music assists with accomplishing better memory. As guardians, in the event that you are considering what you can do to support your youngster/Children, you can attempt to urge your kid to tune in to music while examining. Have a go at playing various kinds of music for your kid while he/she is studying.Observe Inch sort of music helps your youngster the most. On the off chance that tuning in to music helps your youngster, at that point you should proceed with this equivalent daily schedule at school, so why not send a letter to your childs schools specialists. Spread the news to others. Continuously remember this: tuning in to music while reading can't work for anybody and everybody. There are various sorts of individuals. A few people may work better without music, while some can work their best with music. Recollect one thing this is for {Our kid. Give your youngster the best involvement with school.

Describe and assess the listener's experience of two different Assignment

Portray and evaluate the audience's understanding of two distinctive arrangement or two exhibitions of a similar sythesis - Assignment Example How the melodic lines entwine in the tunes contrasts as well (Vazsonyi, 15). Another significant part of the evaluation is the tune; the tune scope of the two tunes can vary with the timbers, and the rhymes. This can likewise be seen by the crowds. â€Å"Cups† two melody renditions contrast in rhyme and timbers also. The distinctions in the tune can be moderately minor, yet assume a job in the distinctions of the two tunes. The equal transpose and the basic transpose can be noted too in the two pieces when they are performed (Vazsonyi, 15). The state of mind in the melody can be seen by the crowd, this relies additionally upon modifications that are made on the two pieces when done. These changes should be possible in the tune that is in the rhymes or the timbers of the tune â€Å"cups† the tune of the first can be flawless contrasted with the melody sung once more. Concordance can likewise influence the distinctions checked by the crowds in the tone and notes. Another aspectual contrast that can be seen by the crowd is the irregularity, stochastic and possibility. Haphazardness can be distinctive dependent on how the vocalist needs it to show up. The primary occasion can be accidental arbitrariness, which can add to terrible music this can be because of the guitarist or some other individual adding additional notes to the music the subsequent occurrence is the planned haphazardness, this should be possible to improve the nature of the music by the artist. The aim is to present arbitrary varieties that make the singing specific by fluctuating the music content this can likewise be seen in the two â€Å"Cups† pieces. The components of haphazardness can be founded on possibility; this is brought out by the vocalist trusting that the fortunate second will start another melodic line or the second that the drum fog plays an additional note. Stochastic creation is noted in the cups melody's beats, which are arbitrarily thought and remarkably done. This draws out the component of the musics magnificence in irregular considerations that the writer employments

How to Build Great Looking and Functional Business Dashboards

How to Build Great Looking and Functional Business Dashboards Wouldn’t it be great if your business could access all its data, information, trends, reports and statistics through one tool or platform? Collecting, accessing and studying business data can be one of the most challenging and time-consuming activities for a business but one tool that can simplify the process is a Business Dashboard. A dashboard is a tool through which information can be easy displayed, tracked and evaluated in the most convenient manner. © Shutterstock.com | KapralcevIn this article, we shall explore the topic of Business Dashboards further. By reading the information presented, you will be able to learn 1) everything you need to know about business dashboards, 2) why do all businesses need business dashboards, 3) building effective business dashboard.EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT BUSINESS DASHBOARDSA business dashboard or simply Dashboard is a kind of an information management tool which is used for the purpose of tracking metrics, KPIs (key performance indicators) and several other data elements which are of importance to an organization or one of its departments. The origin of the term ‘dashboard’ comes from automobile dashboards where the driver is responsible for tracking the major functions based on a summarized information. The world of business has been looking for certain tools that can help them know whether their business is running at the right pace and in the right direction for a long time now. But with the development and use of dashboards, this area has been taken care of.As far as your business is concerned, a dashboard can help visualize summaries of data in a format of comparisons, graphs, line and bar charts, trends, reports, statistics and exceptional cases, etc. There are four key requirements for a good or effective dashboard, and they are given as follows:The dashboard should be simple and communicates in the easiest manner.The dashboard visuals should offer the least number of distractions or confusions.Every dashboard should enable application of visual perception to visual presentation.It should support the well-organized business with useful data.Types of DashboardsThere are 3 major types of the dashboard, and their distinction arises from the different role they fulfill. You decide which one can work perfectly for your needs and requirements:Strategic Strategic or executive dashboards are those dashboards that offer the KPIs that the executive team of your company will track on a regular basis. This dashboard will provide a top level overview of the condition or status of the business along with the opportunities offered to it.Operational As the name suggests, these kinds of dashboards display data or information that helps analyze or view the operational part of the business. This kind of a dashboard enables you to monitor the pulse of the operations and offer real-time data.Tactical Tactical or analytic dashboards are capable of displaying both operational and strategic data. These enable you to view more data and get more insights in parallel. However, this functionality may not be required by all kinds of businesses.Benefits of business dashboards for companiesAlignment of departments Dashboards offer an objective view of performance and inter-departmental activities and can serve as common ground for further communication. It helps departments be aligned and be on the same page.Consolidation of multiple data points What dash boards do is that they collect data from multiple sources and consolidate it to one single reporting source. This can help you reduce time as well as your manual work, thus making it possible for you to share the data among the entire organization.More value out of data When bringing the business related data in one place, business dashboards make it possible to compare those data and metrics more easily across departments or products. If a dashboard is well-designed, then it can help you gain much more understanding about the business developments and the current status of your company.WHY DO ALL BUSINESSES NEED BUSINESS DASHBOARDSAs a business owner, you must know and understand the importance of collecting data and the convenience of analyzing it from in one place. But doing so is not really possible since apart from dashboards, there are not many ways to consolidate the huge amounts of data in an overview. Business dashboards not only offer a convenient display but also make wa y for accessing performance metrics and statistics simple. If you are still considering to implement a dashboard for your business, then the following points might convince you:Saves time A business dashboard can save time of your executives who spend several hours a week trying to log information into reports and then running them. This saved time can be then invested on other important tasks and may offer increased productivity and profitability. As they say ‘time is money’ and the more time you save, the more money you make.Offers better results A business dashboard helps you to address the issues or problems that need checking. Performance indicators are hugely instrumental in improving your operations by eliminating problem areas and capitalizing on elements that are working currently. This is another reason why you must consider having one for your business.Decreases stress Stress at your workplace can lead to deterioration in performances and results. But with a busine ss dashboard, it is possible to reduce this stress by reducing the amount of hard work that needs to be done. With an excellently designed dashboard updates can be sent to you and your team on a daily basis that cuts down on half your work and tension. The reports thus obtained can be used to compare data, make decisions and hence improve performance.Improves productivity An intelligently organized business dashboard enables you to know performance indicators such as return rate, customer behavior development, etc. By knowing these statistics and trends, you can work in such a way that performance can be improved, thus increasing profits.Offers deeper transparency One of the main reasons why your business needs a well-designed dashboard is because such a tool helps you to know what kind of forces are driving it at a given point in time. The well-illustrated graphs and the minutely detailed reports can pinpoint to the factors that may be working for you or the ones that may not be proving beneficial. The overall transparency offered is incomparable to that offered by any other business tool.Offers better overview picture A business dashboard helps to provide a much greater overview of your data by dividing it into groups or blocks. On the basis of this kind of condenced overview picture, data can be easily analyzed, and better insights can be gained. The division of data into relevant groups gives you more capability of managing it and understanding the trends.Helps in tracking sales opportunities Sales dashboards are a superb tool for monitoring and tracking services as well as products through their life-term. These tools can help you spot and identify those products that have the maximum potential of selling by analyzing the market and measuring other business statistics. Sales dashboards help to eliminate the necessity of manually entering data and comparing sales reports, etc.Offers marketing insights Your marketing department may work very hard to co llect and analyze data from the various sources. It may take you a lot of time to predict sales, forecast trends and build marketing strategies, etc. But with a business dashboard, this task can be made simpler and much less time consuming. This is another reason why business dashboards are so important for you.Improves employee performances When the employees of your business know that their performance is being analyzed and evaluated through a dashboard, they tend to work harder and offer more productivity. This helps to improve employee performances throughout the workplace and hence benefits you by improving profits. Since employees become more aware of the fact that they are being compared with one another on various grounds, they make more efforts to improve upon each task they perform.Social media management The dashboards that social media sites offer to you may not be enough to show you all the important insights and this is where a business dashboard proves useful. Throu gh a dashboard of this kind, you can better manage your social media accounts, the campaigns you are running as well as get a more comprehensive view of the developments and statistics. It can get very difficult to log in all the different accounts and compare the data from the different sources separately for marketing managers but with a good dashboard, this task is hugely simplified.BUILDING BEAUTIFUL AND FUNCTIONAL BUSINESS DASHBOARDSBusiness dashboards have proven to be highly useful in leveraging the importance of summarized data. Not only do they speed the process of decision making but also enable the creation of alignment of data. But this is only possible if the dashboard is created with enough consideration and by considering certain rules and suggestions. To come up with a beautiful and functional business dashboard, you can follow the following given points:1.     Choose the most important metrics onlyBusiness dashboards are often very cluttered, but this can create con fusion in the mind of the onlookers. This is why it is important to select very carefully what metrics you want to add so that only relevant data or information is displayed. There is no fixed rule as to which metrics you must select as every business may have different requirements and needs. In order to select which metrics must be included, you can consider the following given factors:Is the metric really necessary? The first question that you may need to ask is whether the metric is even necessary or not.How does the metric contribute to your objective? You may also need to analyze the way in which the metric is contributing to your overall objective or goal.Do you have data to throw light on this objective? You have to test whether you can gain the relevant data to assess those metrics.2.     Pay attention to its visual appealAnother thing that you may need to consider while choosing or designing a business dashboard is its visual look and appeal. You must make sure that the overall attractiveness of the dashboard is good enough for you and other business executes to use it. A well-designed dashboard is one which is pleasing to look at and high in terms of usability. The following are some factors that can be considered to make it visually appealing:Data grouping should be done logically: Data must be arranged and displayed in logical blocks of information or groups, as otherwise it can cause only confusion by the reader of the dashboard. All the financial information must be grouped together whereas all the marketing related data must be placed together and so on. Grouping must be done according to the departments (marketing, finance, accounts, sales and so on), according to the product, according to the people using it or similar categorization. The way the data is displayed is what determines how our eye will move on the dashboard and which order will we read the data presented. Thus, it is very important to place data logically and in proper catego ries.Graphs, charts, and widgets, etc.: For a functional and streamlined dashboard, it is important for it to have charts, widgets and graphs etc. so as to display information in a systematic way and so as to throw light on the trends and reports in a simplified manner. There is a host of graph and chart types available for you to choose from, but you must select the type carefully, focusing on its relevance and suitability to your overall design.Color, shapes, lines, etc.: Another part of the overall visualization that you can consider is the kinds of colors used, the shapes used as well as the kinds of lines and thicknesses chosen for different elements. There are many tools that can help you control these visual attributes but make it a point to avoid using cute widgets and 3D graphics to keep the dashboard subtle.Captivating design: The overall design of your dashboard must be compelling and captivating enough to enable your employees to work on it with ease and without getting bored. The design includes not only the visual appeal but also its functionality. The dashboard is an effective data discovery tool that must create a natural flow of spotting relevant information.3.     Users’ needs must be kept in mindCreating a single dashboard to meet the needs and suitability of the entire organization can be tough but is equally important. While the development process of the dashboard is going on, it is crucial that you keep in mind the entire audience and try to address the needs of each one of the users. From marketing executives to sales representatives and from partners to customers, every individual must be able to operate it and should be able to meet their individual objectives. A good dashboard is one which can be understood even by the slowest employee of your team. The visualization tools must be used in such a way that the gist of the data can be evaluated in a matter of seconds. Basically, simplicity is the key to creating a user-friendly dashbo ard.4.     Clear communication and easy exportingA stunning dashboard is one which communicates clearly and sends the message in the simplest possible way. There must be no scope for confusion or roadblocks in the flow of the data displayed. Another factor that can help you come up with a highly functional dashboard is its easy replication or exporting. Make it a point to create your dashboard in such a way it can send its message through other platforms like Excel sheets or PDFs as well.5.     Concise and responsiveWhen one element can perform the task of four, then there is no point crowding your dashboard. Information must be displayed in the briefest or concise way to enable easy navigation and reading. Moreover, the dashboard must be quick and smooth as well. It must be able to enable access to huge amounts of information effortlessly without difficulties in navigation.6.     The number of times refreshing is requiredIn order to ensure optimal performance of the dashboard, you must pay attention to the frequency or how often it needs refreshing. Refreshing must be spaced in such a way that one can save their time and avoid the unnecessary manual refreshing. Some examples of the refreshing rates of dashboards include daily refreshing, weekly refreshing, monthly refreshing as well as real-time refreshing. An operation dashboard may need real-time refreshing whereas a strategic dashboard may require refreshing on a less regular basis.7.     FlexibleAs a business owner, you must know that a business, as well as its needs, change on a regular basis. This is why, it is important to create your dashboard in such a way that it can be changed or updated according to the changes in the business’s requirements. While the development process is going on, make sure the larger picture is taken into consideration and the dashboard is flexible enough to add/delete sources of data, change the settings and data amount can be increased with time.

Speculative Trading Profits In The Foreign Exchange Market Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Introduction Speculation in financial terms means an initial investment on which does not have any safety or there is significant risk of loss on investment. The term speculation is defined by Graham and Dodds which means buying share, equity, assets or debts without analysis which involves a significant risk. Others financial said purchase, holding, short-selling of financial instrument, derivatives, collectibles, stocks, commodities (oil and gold) , bonds to gains profits when fluctuations in its price. Where as investment is a careful analysis of market and invests in order to obtain profits in long run as is a part of the holding company. The UBS, Deutsche Bank and Citigroup are the top foreign exchange dealers who reportedly earn per year from foreign exchange trading is over $1 billion. The profits of foreign exchange dealers are not necessarily due to speculative excess because most of trading in foreign exchange market is trading between banks. If one bank earns $1 billion then other bank lose $1 billion in foreign exchange trading. Interbank is zero sum game. The foreign exchange dealers are the market makers who trade with each other in order to adjust their range of price in response to buy and sell transactions from the corporate world and earn profits by providing liquidity in a market. Lets us carefully analysis about there earning is it through speculating trading or not by taking example of Citigroup. Suppose that 20% of all trading is between banks and their cus tomers. In 2004 Citibanks total market share was 7.50%. Hence if total volume in the foreign exchange market is $1.9 trillion, the volume of transactions per day handled by Citibank is .0750 X $1.9 trillion = $142.5 billion However 80% of these transactions involve other foreign exchange dealers and we assume that overall Citibank does not earn money on these deals. However, it does earn the bid-ask spread from dealing with corporate customer and other customers, which represents 20% of their market or .20 X $142,5 billion = $ 28.50 billion. if a typical bid-ask spread is 0.30% the profit potential from pure market making is $28.5 billion/day X  ½ X 0.30/100 X 250 trading days = $ 1069 billion / year ( International Financial Management , pp 55). They are number of reasons that Citigroups earn from liquidity service which it provide in foreign exchange market. Firstly we look the interbank spread for the major currencies in the spot market and we know that spreads wi th retail customer is higher than in the interbank market. Second Citigroup have a large market share in less liquid minor currency market for which the spread is much higher. Finally Forward contracts and other derivative contracts involve in foreign exchange trading but spreads are one of the larger part. After analyzing carefully its clear that bulk of Citigroup profits come from market making function not from speculative. It also conformed in study conducted by Amer and Brunner about foreign exchange dealer among United States commercial banks, that speculative trading was average source not major source of profit in foreign exchange trading. Conclusion Speculation is an initial investment for purchase or sell of share, bonds etc based on the information that does not have safety for the investment. Speculative trading in the foreign exchange market is the major source of profit for the dealers but average source of profits. The most of the profits for dealers in foreign exchange trading is market making activities vs. speculation. 2) Is the U.S Current Account Deficit Excessive? Introduction Current account deficit occurs when a nations total exports such as goods, services and transfers is less than nations total imports such as goods, services and transfers. This makes a nation a debtor to the rest of world. However current account deficit is balanced by the capital account surplus. If the capital account does not able to balance the current account then current account deficit leads to balance of payment deficit. A current account deficit is not a problem for certain countries. In order to increase the productivity and export in future some developing countries may run current account deficit for short period of time. To understand the current account by understanding the private saving, private investment and government budget surplus and deficits. To know current account deficit is good or bad is by checking the source of the deficit that is investment and savings. The United States current deficit expand in forth quarter which reflect an improving economy, but fell at the lowest point in eight years because of imbalance happen in 2009. The deficit will increase in 2010, says economist but not that much what we have seen in before recession. For the year, current account deficit pushed by 40.5 percent i.e. $419.9 billion which is the smallest imbalance since 2001. Last years deficit was 2.9 percent of United States total economy which was the smallest percentage in 11 years. The economists closely watch the figures of current account which not only includes trade in goods and services but also investment flows between countries which are tracked by the government on a monthly basis. These figures indicate how much money a country needs to finance its balance of payment imbalance. Economist predict that weaker dollar will boost United States exports because it make United States goods more competitive in foreign market and imports goods more expensive for United States consumers. United States export rose to 8.8 percent for the fourt h quarter because of improving global economy which boosted the demand for United States Autos, Industrial supplies and farm product in foreign market as well as demand for imports also increased because of rebound in United States economy. Imports rose to 9.2 in forth quarter which led big gain in petroleum, capital goods, autos and consumer goods. The amount of $36.5 billion profit gain in service trade such as transportation, financial and other service was used to offset some of the deficit in goods of $145.5 billion in the 4th quarter. The United States of America had a deficit of $31.8 billion in a sector called as unilateral transfers, this transfer includes things like foreign aid, and on the other hand United States had a $25.1 billion profit on investment flows. The Chinese save very much and Japan saving is also high from past 20 year where as American do not save very much because of this the government of United States run big government deficit where as Japan and China run a large current account surplus. The situation will reverse as soon as the investment demand picks up in these counties and these countries starts investing or buying U.S assets. Conclusion In other words an imbalance in nations current account due to payment made by the country for buying the imports is greater than payment received by the country for selling the exports. However current account deficit is balanced by the capital account surplus. However current account is not good or bad because when a country has a current account deficit it borrows from foreigners. If foreign funds profitably invested then these investments will increase the domestic growth and generate greater returns which help to pay off the foreign debts. 3rd Question Answer as fallows. Dollar dominated pure discount bond is 4.5% Per Annam ($) In France, the Euro rate is 7.5% Per Annam (ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬) The current spot rate = $1.08/ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ (S) Forward exchange rate=? Formula to find the forward exchange rate F (n) = S ÃÆ'Æ’- [1+i (n, $)] n [1+i (n, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬)] n = $1.08/ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ ÃÆ'Æ’- (1.045) 5 = $ 0.9375/ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ (1.075) 5 So the forward exchange rate for five year is $ 0.9375/ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ Now, lets use a different method to fine the result. Let assume, invest $10,000,000 in 5 year dollar dominated pure discount. So, at the end of 5 year, the investment will grow to $ 10,000,000 ÃÆ'Æ’- (1.045)5 = $12461819.38 At the current spot exchange rate, the Euro cost of $ 10,000,000 is = $ 10,000,000/ $1.08/ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ = ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 9259259.26 If invest ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 9259259.26 in one year dollar dominated discount bond, at the end of the year will have =ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 9259259.26 ÃÆ'Æ’- (1.075)5 = 13292864.13 Now, F(5) = $ 12461819.38/ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 13292864.13 = $ 0.9375/ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ Question 4 Ans 180-day Swiss franc deposit: 8.0% P.A. 180-day euro deposits: 10.0% P.A. Spot exchange rate: EUR 1.1960/CHF. 180-day forward exchange rate: EUR 1.2024/CHF. If Carla Heinz invested in euro denominate @ 10% Per Annum. she will have after six months of investment. EUR invest = (euro 10,000,000 X .01) 180 / 360 + Euro 10,000,000 EUR invest = 500,000+10,000,000 = Euro 10,500,000 Next, lets calculate the euro return if Carla Heinz invests her Euro 10,000,000 in Swiss francs denominated assets. This analysis requires three steps: Step 1. Convert the euro principal into Swiss francs in the spot foreign exchange market. The Euro 10,000,000 will buy at the current spot exchange rate this is Carla Heinz principal. Euro 10,000,000 = CHF 8361204 Euro 1.1960 Step 2. Calculate Swiss francs denominated interest plus principal. Carla can invest her Swiss francs principal at @ 8% for one year. Hence, Carla Heinz know that in a six month she will have a return of Swis s francs principal plus interest equal to (CHF 8,361,204 X 0.08)  ½ + CHF 8,361,204 = CHF 8,695,652.26 Step 3. In this case Carla Heinz would contract to sell CHF 8,695,652.26 for Euro at the six month forward rate of Euro 1.2024/CHF. In a six month she would receive. CHF 8,695,652.26 X (Euro 1.2024/CHF) = Euro 10455652 = Euro 10,455,652 Euro 10,500,000 Note: After analyzing the investment of Carla in Euro and Swiss francs its seems that investing in Euro denominated is better compare to Swiss francs and she even dont have a risk of forward exchange rate. But know Carla has an option to barrow money from Swiss and invested in Euro denominated. III) On other hand if Carle Heinz can borrow money CHF 10,000,000 and invested in Euro dominated assists what she will get. For half year she will owe (CHF 10,000,000 X 0.08)  ½ CHF 10,000,000 =CHF 1,040,000 IV) So if Carle Heinz invests in Swiss franc denominate assists then Step 1. Convert from CHF to Euro. CHF 10,000,000 X (Euro 1.1960/CHF) = Euro 11,960,000 Step 2. Calculate Euro interest rate (Euro 11,960,00 X 0.1)  ½ + Euro 1,196,000 = Euro 1,255,800 Step 3. Cove the foreign exchange risk by engaging forward contract to sell. Euro 1, 255,800 Euro 1.2024/CHF = CHF 1,044,411 = CHF 1,044,411 CHF 1,040,000 = CHF 4411. Note: After analyzing the investment of Carla in Euro by browning Swiss francs it seems that investing in Euro denominated is good even after covering forward exchange risk. Ms Carla Heinz will receive CFH 411 in a six month for every CHF 10,000,000. Question 5 Ans Spot exchange rate: CHF 1.4706/$. 180-day forward exchange rate: CHF 1.4295/$. 180-day dollar interest rate: 7.0 % P.A. 180-day Swiss francs interest rate: ? The formula to find forward premium the Swiss francs inertest rate is F S S 1_____ 1_____ F S = CHF 1.4295/$ CHF 1.4706/$ = 2.88 % S 1_____ CHF 1.4295/$ Note that the interest rate differential (dollar Swiss francs) is 7.0% 2.88% = 4.12%, which is approximately equal to the forward premium. The Swiss francs forward interest rate i.e. 4.12% which prevent arbitrage. Question 6 Ans Probability of Argentina will nationalize its banks is = 0.5% ( p ) The interest rate in United States =5 % ( i ) What Argentine banks offer inter rate? p = 0.05, i = 0.005. Formula to find out expected return to the depositing bank is [(1-p) x (1+i)] + (px0) = (1-p) x 91+i) (1-P) ÃÆ'Æ’- (1-i) = 5% = (1-0.005) ÃÆ'Æ’- (1-i) = 0.05 (1+i) = 0.05 = 0.0503 x 100 to convert in to percentage = 5.03% 0.995 Note: the Argentine banks have to offer 5.03% interest in order to attract deposits from foreign investors. Question 7 Intel is a US company, and it is scheduled to receive yen in the future. A weakening of the yen versus the dollar causes a given amount of yen to convert to fewer dollars in the future. This loss of value could be severe if the yen depreciates by a significant amount. If Intel chooses not to hedge its transaction exchange risk, what is Intels expected dollar value of the 100,000,000 the expected spot rate incorporates a 1% weakening of the dollar. This means that the expected yen price of the dollar is 1% less than the current spot rate of 103/$ OR Et(S (t+90,/$) ) = 0.99103/$ = 101.97/$ Hence, Intel expects to receive 100,000,000/101.97/$ = $980,681 We are told that the standard deviation of the rate of depreciation of the dollar is 4%. The standard deviation of the future spot rate is therefore 4% of the current spot rate of 1.04103/$=4.12/$. Thus, plus or minus 2 standard deviations around the conditional expected future spot rate is 101.97/$ + 8.24/$ = 110.21/ $ 101.97/$ 8.24/$ = 93.73/$ the range that encompasses 95.45% of https://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9EH4M901.htm

National Security Requirements Exercised The Most...

National security requirements exercised the most significant influence on the development of airpower in Europe and the United States before the Second World War (WWII). Nations on both sides of the ocean had experienced the multifaceted disastrous results of World War I (WWI) and airpower seemed to be the answer for future wars. Understanding the context and consequences of WWI is vital to comprehend airpower theorists like Douhet, Mitchell and Trenchard and their revolutionary thoughts on airpower. The development of aircraft at the beginning of the twentieth century challenged not only military leadership but also, more important, the national security of modern states. The basic question was: How will strategic bombing of enemy territory fit in to national security and military strategy? This paper will narrow the view on Europe by selecting Great Britain as one of the most relevant nations in WWII concerning strategic bombing. WWI was the first total war in the industrial age with unprecedented casualties on all sides of the belligerent nations. In spite of gigantic troop numbers, both sides expected a quick war with a decisive victory. However, in 1915, the maneuvering part of the war was over and resulted ultimately in bloody trench-warfare. Furthermore, as the war continued, attrition of the adversary became the main goal as the battle at Verdun highlighted. Consequently, aircraft offered an alternative to the static warfare of the trenches. These newlyShow MoreRelatedAccounting Developments in Poland6780 Words   |  28 Pagesexclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometers (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and 9th in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 33rd most populous country in the world. (WBO, 2010) Historical Background A national accounting chart for Poland did not exist before the 1930s although an accountants’ Association was already established in the year 1907. However, there has been evolution on the Poland’sRead MoreAccounting Developments in Poland6790 Words   |  28 Pagesexclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometers (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and 9th in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 33rd most populous country in the world. (WBO, 2010) Historical Background A national accounting chart for Poland did not exist before the 1930s although an accountants’ Association was already established in the year 1907. However, there has been evolution on the Poland’sRead MoreWhy Did the League of Nations Fail?14508 Words   |  59 PagesAppalachian State University, Department of History, Whitener Hall, Boone, NC 28608, USA Phone: +1-828-262 6006, email: elorantaj@appstate.edu Paper to be presented at the Sixth European Historical Economics Society Conference, 9-10 September 2005, Historical Center of the former Imperial Ottoman Bank, Istanbul. WHY DID THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS FAIL? INTRODUCTION The economic and political instability of the interwar period and the rise of authoritarian regimes are often seen as extensions of World War I andRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pagesï » ¿TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR NSL READING CHAPTER 1: National Security Law and the Role of Tipson 1 CHAPTER 2: Theoretical approaches to national security world order 4 CHAPTER 3: Development of the International Law of Conflict Management 5 CHAPTER 4: The Use of Force in International Relations: Norms Concerning the Initiation of Coercion (JNM) 7 CHAPTER 5: Institutional Modes of Conflict Management 17 The United Nations System 17 Proposals for Strengthening Management Institutional ModesRead MoreIslamic Fundamentalism5541 Words   |  23 PagesIslam is the fastest growing religion in the world and is second only to Christianity in number of adherents. Muslims live in all parts of the world, but the majority of Muslims are concentrated in the Middle East and Asia North Africa, Central Asia, Indonesia and Malaysia. Today, more than a billion people around the world are Muslims. It is very well known that certain networks have flourished in many countries throughout the world. Small but well-financed militant movementsRead MoreIslamic Fundamentalism5550 Words   |  23 PagesIslam is the fastest growing religion in the world and is second only to Christianity in number of adherents. Muslims live in all parts of the world, but the majority of Muslims are concentrated in the Middle East and Asia North Africa, Central Asia, Indonesia and Malaysia. Today, more than a billion people around the world are Muslims. It is very well known that certain networks have flourished in many countries throughout the world. Small but well-financed militant movementsRead MoreEssays for the American Pageant, 14th Ed.11068 Words   |  45 Pagesterrible diseases to the New World, though the Spanish impact was more devastating because of earlier arrival. The Spanish attempted to integrate Native Americans into their colonial societies through intermarriage and through the establishment of agricultural communities with Native American workers. The English separated themselves from Native American life to a greater extent and relied mostly on trade for economic gain. 2. Evaluate the extent of settlement and influence of three of these groupsRead MoreDemocracy in Pakistan6809 Words   |  28 Pagesan â€Å"economic desert† and there was an unprecedented influx of refugees. The country lacked the necessary infrastructure and institutions. The capability to develop them was lacking. The external and internal threats to the security of the country turned it into a security state. Weak political leadership created space for civil-military bureaucracy. This led to the cut-off periods in democratic governance, which was derailed thrice in 1958, 1977 and 1999. At present, the country is partially developedRead MoreHealthcare Essay18323 Words   |  74 PagesChapter 3 The Evolution of Health Services in the United States Learning Objectives To discover historical developments that have shaped the nature of the US health care delivery system To evaluate why the system has been resistant to national health insurance reforms To explore developments associated with the corporatization of health care To speculate on whether the era of socialized medicine has dawned in the United States â€Å"Where’s the market?† 81 26501_CH03_FINAL.indd 81 7/27/11 10:31:29Read MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 PagesScience- Penology deals with the various means of fighting crimes as regards to penalties and other measures of security, while Penitentiary Science is limited only to the study of penalties dealing with deprivation of liberty. ï  ½ The Golden Age of Penology - the period from 1870 to 1880 was considered the golden age of penology because of the following significant events: ï  ± 1870- the National prisons Association organized in Cincinnati, Ohio. ï  ± 1872- the First International Congress was held at London

Spence v. Washington (1974)

Should the government be able to prevent people from attaching symbols, words, or pictures to American flags in public? That was the question before the Supreme Court in Spence v. Washington, a case where a college student was prosecuted for publicly displaying an American flag to which he had attached large peace symbols. The Court found that Spence had a constitutional right to use the American flag to communicate his intended message, even if the government disagreed with him. Fast Facts: Spence v. Washington Case Argued: January 9, 1974Decision Issued:  June 25, 1974Petitioner: Harold Omond SpenceRespondent: State of WashingtonKey Question: Was a Washington State law criminalizing the display of a modified American flag in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments?Majority Decision: Justices Douglas, Stewart, Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun, and PowellDissenting: Justices Burger, White, and RehnquistRuling: The right to modify the flag was an expression of freedom of speech, and as applied, the Washington State statute was in violation of the First Amendment.   Spence v. Washington: Background In Seattle, Washington, a college student named Spence hung an American flag outside the window of his private apartment — upside down and with peace symbols attached to both sides. He was protesting violent acts by the American government, for example in Cambodia and the fatal shootings of college students at Kent State University. He wanted to associate the flag more closely with peace than war: I felt there had been so much killing and that this was not what America stood for. I felt that the flag stood for America and I wanted people to know that I thought America stood for peace. Three police officers saw the flag, entered the apartment with Spence’s permission, seized the flag, and arrested him. Although Washington state had a law banning desecration of the American flag, Spence was charged under a law banning â€Å"improper use† of the American flag, denying people the right to: Place or cause to be placed any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawing or advertisement of any nature upon any flag, standard, color, ensign or shield of the United States or of this state ... orExpose to public view any such flag, standard, color, ensign or shield upon which shall have been printed, painted or otherwise produced, or to which shall have been attached, appended, affixed or annexed any such word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawing or advertisement... Spence was convicted after the judge told the jury that merely displaying the flag with an attached peace symbol was sufficient grounds for conviction. He was fined $75 and sentenced to 10 days in jail (suspended). The Washington Court of Appeals reversed this, declaring that the law overbroad. The Washington Supreme Court reinstated the conviction and Spence appealed to the Supreme Court. Spence v. Washington: Decision In an unsigned, per curiam decision, the Supreme Court said the Washington law â€Å"impermissibly infringed a form of protected expression.† Several factors were cited: the flag was private property, it was displayed on private property, the display did not risk any breach of peace, and finally even the state admitted that Spence was â€Å"engaged in a form of communication.† As to whether the state has an interest in preserving the flag as â€Å"an unalloyed symbol of our country,† the decision states: Presumably, this interest might be seen as an effort to prevent the appropriation of a revered national symbol by an individual, interest group, or enterprise where there was a risk that association of the symbol with a particular product or viewpoint might be taken erroneously as evidence of governmental endorsement. Alternatively, it might be argued that the interest asserted by the state court is based on the uniquely universal character of the national flag as a symbol.For the great majority of us, the flag is a symbol of patriotism, of pride in the history of our country, and of the service, sacrifice, and valor of the millions of Americans who in peace and war have joined together to build and to defend a Nation in which self-government and personal liberty endure. It evidences both the unity and diversity which are America. For others, the flag carries in varying degrees a different message. â€Å"A person gets from a symbol the meaning he puts into it, and what is one manâ⠂¬â„¢s comfort and inspiration is another’s jest and scorn.† None of this mattered, though. Even accepting a state interest here, the law was still unconstitutional because Spence was using the flag to express ideas which viewers would be able to understand. Given the protected character of his expression and in light of the fact that no interest the State may have in preserving the physical integrity of a privately owned flag was significantly impaired on these facts, the conviction must be invalidated. There was no risk that people would think the government was endorsing Spence’s message and the flag carries so many different meanings to people that the state cannot proscribe the use of the flag to express certain political views. Spence v. Washington: Significance This decision avoided dealing with whether people have a right to display flags they have permanently altered to make a statement. Spence’s alteration was deliberately temporary, and the justices appear to have thought this relevant. However, at least a free speech right to at least temporarily â€Å"deface† the American flag was established. The Supreme Court’s decision in Spence v. Washington was not unanimous. Three justices — Burger, Rehnquist, and White — disagreed with the majority’s conclusion that individuals have a free speech right to alter, even temporarily, an American flag in order to communicate some message. They agreed that Spence was indeed engaged in communicating a message, but they disagreed that Spence should be allowed to alter the flag to do so. Writing a dissent joined by Justice White, Justice Rehnquist stated: The true nature of the State’s interest in this case is not only one of preserving â€Å"the physical integrity of the flag,† but also one of preserving the flag as â€Å"an important symbol of nationhood and unity.† ... It is the character, not the cloth, of the flag which the State seeks to protect. [...]The fact that the State has a valid interest in preserving the character of the flag does not mean, of course, that it can employ all conceivable means to enforce it. It certainly could not require all citizens to own the flag or compel citizens to salute one. ... It presumably cannot punish criticism of the flag, or the principles for which it stands, any more than it could punish criticism of this country’s policies or ideas. But the statute in this case demands no such allegiance.Its operation does not depend upon whether the flag is used for communicative or noncommunicative purposes; upon whether a particular message is deemed commercial or politica l; upon whether the use of the flag is respectful or contemptuous; or upon whether any particular segment of the State’s citizenry might applaud or oppose the intended message. It simply withdraws a unique national symbol from the roster of materials that may be used as a background for communications. [emphasis added] It should be noted that Rehnquist and Burger dissented from the Court’s decision in Smith v. Goguen for substantially the same reasons. In that case, a teenager was convicted for wearing a small American flag on the seat of his pants. Although White voted with the majority, in that case, he attached a concurring opinion where he stated that he would not â€Å"find it beyond congressional power, or that of state legislatures, to forbid attaching to or putting on the flag any words, symbols, or advertisements.† Just two months after the Smith case was argued, this one appeared before the court — though that case was decided first. As was true with the Smith v. Goguen case, the dissent here simply misses the point. Even if we accept Rehnquist’s assertion that the state has an interest in preserving the flag as â€Å"an important symbol of nationhood and unity,† this does not automatically entail that the state the authority to fulfill this interest by prohibiting people from treating a privately own flag as they see fit or by criminalizing certain uses of the flag to communicate political messages. There is a missing step here — or more likely several missing steps — which Rehnquist, White, Burger and other supporters of bans on flag â€Å"desecration† never manage to include in their arguments. It’s likely that Rehnquist recognized this. He acknowledges, after all, that there are limits to what the state may do in pursuit of this interest and cites several examples of extreme government behavior which would cross the line for him. But where, exactly, is that line and why does he draw it in the place he does? Upon what basis does he allow some things but not others? Rehnquist never says and, for this reason, the effectiveness of his dissent completely fails. One more important thing should be noted about Rehnquist’s dissent: he makes it explicit that criminalizing the certain uses of the flag to communicate messages must apply to respectful as well as contemptuous messages. Thus, the words â€Å"America is Great† would be just as prohibited as the words â€Å"America Sucks.† Rehnquist is at least consistent here, and that’s good — but how many supporters of bans on flag desecration would accept this particular consequence of their position? Rehnquist’s dissent suggests very strongly that if the government has the authority to criminalize burning an American flag, it can criminalize waving an American flag as well.

War I And World War II - 919 Words

Many historians debate rather World War I and World War II were two different parts to the same war or if they are separate and distinct wars. Even though World War I and World War II were very different wars, and there were many years in between the two, the outcomes of World War I caused for World War II to happen because of unresolved issues. World War II is a continuation of World War I. World War I lasted four years and was the first total war in history. Before World War I Europe was doing well they had social stability and had a growing democracy. Britain, France, and Germany had an economic rivalry. The countries were pretty much just waiting for an excuse to declare war on each other. The spark that began World War I was the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria Hungary. Alliances Au were made. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Austria- Hungary was Germany’s most loyal Ally. Serbia joined forces with Russia, and Germany then declared war on Russia. The war happened and at the end the allies won the war. After they won the allies were basically out to get Germany and they wanted to make Germany a less powerful country. Germany was defeated, but it was not destroyed. To close World War I a peace treaty was signed. This treaty was called the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles stated that Germany would have to lose its territories such as Asia, Africa, and Pacific colonies making Germany’s army smaller. Along with Germany losing territoryShow MoreRelatedThe War I And World War II1660 Words   |  7 Pagesin thehistory of the world were World War I and World War II. World War I occurred from 1914 to 1918. World War I was caused by militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism and assassination (MANIA). The first four causations were more of a build-up to it. Then, once the Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, the buildup was sparked. This can be compared to pouring gasoline on the ground and then lighting it on fire. World War II occurred from 1939 to 1945.World War II was caused by the discontentRead MoreThe War I And World War II944 Words   |  4 PagesFrom piles of bodies in no man’s land to Jewish death camps, the level of violence found within World War I and World War II was extreme even for wartime s tandards. These experiences shaped generations to come through the memories passed on by those who lived through such atrocities. Both Ernst Junger and Art Spiegelman carry on these memories through the book Storm of Steel and graphic novel Maus. Their pieces both give glimpses into the lives of the past and the violence in which those individualsRead MoreWar I And World War II1517 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history the United States has been involved in many different wars. Their involvement has brought forth many significant events and changes that have affected the American way of life. 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Those two men controlled FranceRead MoreThe War I And World War II1930 Words   |  8 PagesSUMMARY OF WARS Humanity was forever changed after the wars of the 20th century. World War I and World War II are known for the millions of military and civilian lives they took away. Horrific words such as concentration camps, slave labor and genocide are linked to the wars. They are also credited to causing nations to rapidly come up and develop brilliant new inventions, warfare tactics and revolutionary ideas that are still playing intricate roles in modern day societies. Both of these wars were accreditedRead MoreWar I And World War II771 Words   |  4 Pagessought to stay out of both World War I and World War II only to be pulled in by intense happenings that inflicted chaos on the nations people. World War II would be a time in American history that would bring many fresh war tactics and developments, that helped to pull a depraved nation from the depths of a depression as well as pledge the freedom and prosperity of its opposing nations. Dangerous discoveries will be made in the world would be left to be governed by two world powers. Hoping to remainRead MoreThe War I And World War II Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Thirty Years War† World War I and World War II are the largest military conflicts in history. In 1919, Europe attempted to reconstruct the damage left by WWI. After WWI, with the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was left destroyed and destabilized, which eventually laid out the foundation for WWII. The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles led to the aggression of Germany. The Treaty of Versailles was supposed to bring about peace, but Marshall Foch, generalissimo of the Allied Armies in FranceRead MoreThe War I And World War II1191 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction During World War I and World War II life back home changed excessively. When the soldiers went to fight in World War 1 and World War 2, women and children had to replace men in the workforce. There was an increase in those affected by the trauma of the wars, and the birth-rates dropped during this time. Family Families were affected by the trauma and exposure of the war, causing mental illnesses such as depression. Young children had been exposed to the trauma of war. A great deal of pressureRead MoreWorld War I And The War II1518 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II was a war that ended in much tragedy. There were over 60 million casualties. Throughout World War II there was how it started, the Nazi Regime, and some of the major battles. Much of the war was about the Germans bringing together a group of people called the Nazis. They were under the rule of Adolf Hitler. There were two groups fighting against each other: the Axis powers and the Allied powers. The Axis powers consisted of Japan, Italy, and Germany. The Allied powers were GreatRead MoreWar I And World War II1264 Words   |  6 Pages During any war, there will alwaAys be alliances made which stick even after the war has been dissolved. Postwar foreign policy after wars such as World War I and World War II was complicated and both had their similarities and differences from each other. World War I (WWI) strengthened our international relations with many countries, It also deteriorated some relations as well and set the stage for America becoming a great power. World War II (WWII) had some of the same effects, solidating our

History Of Obedience And Conformity - 1729 Words

History of Obedience and Conformity With the utterance of â€Å"research in obedience,† Stanley Milgram is the epithet in social psychology. 56 years ago, Milgram tested the limits of a person s ability to commit deeds that would normally be directionally challenging to their moral compass when commanded to act by an authority figure. Just 15 years after the World War II Holocaust, the Milgram experiments was a social psychology response to a topic of â€Å"particular relevance† during that time (Milgram, 1963): Were Nazi officers following orders or can they be held accountable as accomplices (as cited by McLeod, 2007)? Milgram tested this theory by â€Å"ordering a naà ¯ve subject to administer [an] electric shock to a victim.†(Milgram, 1963). The†¦show more content†¦Elms describes his graduate work with Milgram at Yale Universtiy to be â€Å"extraordinary for [the] time,† yet due to ethical concerns have â€Å"in a sense [have] been frozen i n time† (Elms, 2009). If the research code of ethics locked down experiments such as Milgram’s, how then did Jerry Burger (2009) replicate Milgram without violating ethics standards? The very same question Elms (2009) has marveled in his critical review of Burger’s Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today? Burger notes the crucial moment in Milgram’s procedure is â€Å"when the participant presses the 150-volt switch [and] the learner †¦demands to be released† (Burger, 2009) nearly all participants hesitate to show reluctance before continuing. Burger’s replication study stops the experiment at the moment that the participant decides to continue past 150-volts (2009). Burger also built in additional â€Å"safeguards† to ensure the protection of the participant s well-being including a two-part screening, three notifications that participants can stop anytime, a sample shock to the participant, immediate debrief and full disclosure of the experiments intentions. Burger’s results were similar to Milgram’s, with few intentional differences (2009). The two significant features of Milgram (1963) and Burger (2009), was forceful coercion of the authority figure to command obedienceShow MoreRelatedObedience and Conformity Essay508 Words   |  3 PagesObedience and Conformity Both obedience and conformity involve social pressure in obedience the pressure comes from behaving as you are instructed to do; whereas in conformity the pressure comes from group norms Behaviour in obedience is determined by social power, whereas in conformity it is influenced mostly by the need for acceptance. In nearly all societies, certain peopleRead MoreThe Science Of Social Psychology1329 Words   |  6 Pagesto decipher topics such as conformity, independence, and identity on a logical basis. We use it, to a degree, to study how every group has an impact on a singular entity, as well as how those impacts end up dictating the overall behavior of the entity. Hence, the apple analogy bears significant meaning: How do â€Å"good apples†, or normal, law abiding citizens, become â€Å"bad apples†, or the so called†scum of society†? Social dynamics affect elements such as conformity, obedience, and deindividualizationRead MoreEvaluation Of An Immersive Video Environment910 Words   |  4 Pagesparticipants were given questionnaires to scale their personality tendencies. In an immersive video environment, the participants who showed more immersion were also those who obeyed less. As a total, thirty-two percent of the participants showed full obedience, and went up to 450 volts. General result showed that participants obeyed more when the victim was hidden, regardless of the victim’s race. From the view of ethnicity, although there was no significant difference, participants reacted with less anxietyRead MoreThe Background on the Stanley Milgram Theory Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesfind out whether or not the Adolf Eichmann accomplice had the same intent and hate towards the Jewish people during the holocaust. Based on Solomon Asch’s past experiments on conformity, Milgram’s experiment was done to determine whether or not the power of the situation could cause average people to conform to obedience. The results of Milgram’s experiment were astounding. The research of Milgram’s experiment had such a major impact o n social psychology that we still use his findings to analyzeRead MoreDeception Is Not Based On Ethical Concerns1413 Words   |  6 Pagesour society’s shared intellectual legacy – that small body of historical incidents, biblical parables, and classic literature that serious thinkers feel free to draw on when they debate about human nature or contemplate human history† (Gilovich et al, 2012). Milgram Obedience Experiments Ethical and moral concerns often exist with the use of deception in psychological research and experiments. Bortolotti and Mameli (2006) argue that, with the satisfaction of some requirements, the possibility existRead MoreComparative Psychology : Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Study868 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most well known studies in the history of psychology: Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Study. While Reading 38 recounts a crucial study that demonstrated the power, conformity in determining behavior and 39 reveals a surprising phenomenon called the bystander effect. However, the fourth study is seen as another famous and surprising milestone in our understanding of the extremes people may resort to in powerful situations seen in Milgram’s study of blind obedience to authority. Nonetheless, startingRead MoreObedience, Disobedience And College1060 Words   |  5 PagesAdrian Nathaniel Soriano Prof. Saleem English 101A September 16, 2015 Obedience or Disobedience in College For a lot of people, especially those who have recently graduated from high school, college is completely different from the 4 whole years of high school. For many, it is a new chapter of life. Everything is different, from the experience itself, the environment, how students are treated in class, even punishments for breaking the rules is different in a way. Perhaps the most obvious differenceRead MoreConformity And Normative Social Psychology1538 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Psychology has always been a key element in our understanding of human behaviour. Conformity plays a big part in the history of social psychology; conformity (also known as Majority Influence) is a type of social influence that involves a person changing their thoughts and beliefs in order to fit into a group. An example of this is during WW2, in which Hitler used his dominating opinions and authority to influence the Nazis and obscure their views, which lead them to conform to the horrendousRead MoreMust Be O beyed ( P. 2801256 Words   |  6 Pagesplace under the dictatorship of Stalin? He was charismatic, promised the people that he could propel them forward to greatness, and exterminated anyone who stood in his way. Could it be possible that such a relationship between leadership, conformity, obedience, and social power could exist in a culture outside of the one that Stalin was a dictator of and would the people support it? The short answer is, yes. Even within the United States similar patterns happen among its leaders. As a reminderRead MoreHow Far Would Someone Go For Obey An Authority Figure?856 Words   |  4 PagesHow far would someone go to obey an authority figure? On too many occasions in our history, people have gone to great lengths to simply obey someone who shows some sort of power over us. A specific example in world history was the millions of people that were killed by the Nazis in Germany. The real question is, what made people obey Hitler? Germany was in a bad state after the depression and for some, Hitler provided stability. Many just wanted someone to give them direction. What is really scary

Technology Is Being Used Increasingly in the Free Essays

Argumentative Essay Writing Tips Find your topic – From abortion to human trafficking, the sky is the limit when it comes to finding a heated topic to present an argument about. Think about your stance – Are you going to be for or against human trafficking? Logically, most people would be against human trafficking but either way you will need to be confident and comfortable in whatever stance you take. Additionally, you will need to be able to substantiate the facts and cleverly fuse them with your stance in order to arrive at a solid argumentative essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Is Being Used Increasingly in the or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will require that you think about your stance on the issue essay writers world reviews. Think long and hard in order to better be able to discern where you are trying to take the topic argumentatively. Do your homework – There have undoubtedly been others who have argued for or against the topic that you chose who may have done it years prior to you even thinking about it. Take time out to research how your predecessors argued their stance. This is not to say that you should mirror that stance, but it might give you a heads up and/or better tips on what direction you should be moving towards when it comes to the ebb and the flow of the argument. Know your opposition – Every argumentative topic has a pro side and an opposing side. The best possible strategy that you can employ when writing the article is to know your opponent’s stance on the issue. When you know how your opponent will think or what rebuttal he or she will try to use, then you will have an upper hand on how to out debate them. Knowing your opponent is essential in counter-attacking when it comes to your argumentative essay. Get the facts – What good is an argumentative essay if there are no facts? The bottom line is that you need facts in order to support your argument on your controversial topic. No one wants to look like an amateur, and in order to avoid doing such you will need to have cognitive and verifiable facts that will back up your argument completely. Without these facts your risk looking both unprofessional and unprepared. Pick a topic that you are passionate about – When there is no passion in an argumentative essay then there is nothing to capture the attention of the reader. In order to convey your argument it is imperative for you to be passionate about any topic that you pick. If you do not believe in it then no one else will either. Steps in writing your Essay INTRODUCTION 1. Paraphrase the question 2. State your position [totally/strongly/somewhat + agree/disagree] BODY 3. Write topic sentences for each body paragraph Sequencing word + topic + point The main reason why I believe teachers are necessary is because they are essential for disciplining and motivating students CONCLUSION 4. Summarise main points 5. Give your final opinion or recommendation/ restate your position A Sample of Argumentative Essay Technology is being used increasingly in the classroom and some people believe that educators will become redundant. I somewhat disagree that teachers will be replaced by machines. The main reason why I think that teachers are essential is because they encourage and discipline students. Many people find it difficult to be interested in learning new things. Therefore educators are needed to make classes more interesting and stimulate students’ desires for learning. Also, in the case of young people, teachers often need to force students to learn through the use of punishments. Another reason why teachers are needed is because they can teach young people important skills and values. This is because educators serve as role models to their students and teach them how to appropriately interact with their peers. Therefore, if people only learn using machines they will lose the opportunity to learn important social skills and values. However, studying over the internet certainly offers a lot of convenience. First, we are able to study in the comfort of our own homes, without the need to commute to school. Second, we can choose to study at any time we like even in the middle of the night. In summary, I somewhat disagree that machines can replace teachers. This is because teachers can encourage students to learn and teach them how to interact with other people. Although, computers do offer the ability for people to learn anywhere at any time. How to cite Technology Is Being Used Increasingly in the, Essays

Past to Present free essay sample

Introduction: Just the basics Past to Present: My family has been a huge impact on the person that I am today. The values and lessons that they have taught me throughout the years will always help guide me through life. Some of the values and lessons they have taught me are always try your best, if you put your mind to something you can achieve anything, and the most important lesson they have taught me is to always follow your dreams and never settle. My family has always been there for me and had always helped me to follow my dreams. When I was little I decided that I wanted to play soccer. As the years went on and I got better and better I started to train harder to become the best. When middle school came around I really realized how could I was and that was when the talk of college soccer came about. We will write a custom essay sample on Past to Present or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ever since that day I have worked my hardest to get to the end goal my dad and I have been talking about, playing college soccer. My parents have been there for me through every step and have supported me through the whole Journey. The event in my past that stands out the most is when I moved to Kentucky in the seventh grade. That was a huge step for me and has taught a lot bout my self. It has taught me how strong a person I really am to be able to adjust into a whole new area and lifestyle at a time in your life when everything seems to be set in stone. But in the end I knew that my family would always be there for me throughout the entire move and they would help me adjust and fit in. The item in my me box are very important to me and really have a lot to say about the person that I am today. First I have a little soccer ball because soccer is basically my life and I have no idea what to do without it. Infinity ring because both my sister and I have it and he meaner the world to me. I also put in a purple sharpie because my favorite color is purple. I included my planner because it has a beach design on it and I spent a lot of my summers at the beach, and it is one of my favorite places. Lastly I included a t- shirt for the high school I went to because I have so many good memories there that have influenced the person I am today. Course Expectation: The relationships that I expect to form while in this class is that I hope that I can make some new friends that will stick with me throughout the rest of my time here at Georgetown and also for the rest of my life. The transition from high school into college is definitely a big one. Being able to have a small class that allows you to get to know everyone really well is very helpful, since you dont have all your friends from high school by your side so you are required to make and form new relationships and friendships with other people. I also plan to gain a better relationship with my advisor. Having this class once a week and the professor being my advisor will really help me to get to know her and to build a relationship with her. She in return will also get to know me so that when it comes time to putting together a class schedule she will know that I also play soccer and can help me to build a class schedule that will allow me to get all my work done and still have time for sports and other fun activities going on around campus. I also believe that having a strong relationship Witt your advisor will be very beneficial to you down the road. Since we all go away to college we no longer have our parents around us all the time, which can either be a good or a bad thing. If you are having troubles or Just need someone to talk to your advisor can be the one to step into that mom role and help you out. That is the most important thing I expect out of this class is a strong relationship with my advisor. What I believe will be beneficial to me, from this course is being able to discuss problems that are going on and to talk with your peers and see if they are going through the same troubles, and see what they are doing about it. Lastly I want to learn some new skills that will help me throughout the rest of my time in college such s time management and ways to be successful not only in college but for the rest of my life. Georgetown College: I dont think that it will be very hard to find a mentor here at Georgetown. Everyone seems to be very nice and they all want to help the students to see them succeed while they are here a Georgetown. In high school it was important for me to make relationships with all my teachers and that will also be important to do with all my professors here at college. Once I get more comfortable around them then I would be able to go to them and ask for help with not only that subject but Just about NY issue that I am experiencing and get good advice as to what I need to do. Some differences that I see between myself and others at Georgetown is that I have a tendency to be a little shy when in knew surroundings but once I get used to them I am able to open up a lot more. Also using my strengths from the strengths quest will help to open up. I was not really surprised by my strengths. I do believe that they describe me quite well. My family definitely agrees that I am a very competitive person. I am competitive in sports and in the classroom and I always trivet to be the best. I am also focused on what ever I am working on; making sure it is done to the best of my ability. Consistency describes me because I always try to treat everyone equally and with respect. I am also a very positive person. I try to look for the good in every situation and I see most things as the glass half full. Lastly I am very organized for the most part but I do have my moments of weakness like many people in the world and I always try to find the best way of doing something so that it makes my life easier and the lives of others that are involved.

Law describing and evaluating the roles of the courtroom work group free essay sample

A court room work group is a term referring to professionals that serve in the court on a daily basis. These professionals include a prosecutor, the criminal defence attorney and the judicial officer. The courtroom working group seeks to bring justice to all. It ensures that all parties are accorded due fairness and equal opportunity regardless of gender, race, age, religious affiliation nor any other factor. They also see to it that trials are completed successfully. The concept of court room working group is associated with plea bargaining. The courtroom working group has shown tremendous explanatory power in overburdened courts dealing with huge case loads. Describing and Evaluating Roles of Courtroom Work Group Professionals that serve in the court, each have a commitment to oversee a successful trial completion. Due to this commitment they must each follow a strict code of ethics and also they must adhere to the law and its practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Law describing and evaluating the roles of the courtroom work group or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In most cases however, the number of judges and attorneys is limited hence there is a possibility that a personal as well as professional relation that may stem up. However this must not be prioritised by either of the parties involved and the pursuit of justice must always remain the order of the day. The changes I would recommend are rising of the bar when it comes to security measures. The reason why I suggest this is because sometimes violent criminal offenders may take advantage of the courtroom environment and cause havoc inside the court. For example in the past there was a reported case whereby an offender grabbed an officer’s pistol and started shooting randomly in the courtroom. Safety measures should be put in place in order to curb such bizarre scenarios in the future. The role of the prosecutor is to represent the rights of the citizens. This is assumed to be so because a crime is defined as an act or omission which constitutes an offence punishable by law. Hence, when an offender is presented in court, the charges levelled against him read, Republic or State vs defendant. Therefore the role of the prosecutor is to represent the people’s cases against the defendant. With that role comes great responsibility on him, in that the burden of proof automatically lies with him. Also he has to work hard to ensure that evidence is presented legally, and the state procedures are adhered to in a way that dismissal is avoided. Another role of the prosecutor is that he acts as a consultant and advisor to the police departments. He assists them in the course of investigations and also provides insight into the acquisition of evidence and the procedural element of it. A prosecutor usually decides which case to pursue based on the fact that whether they think they can prove beyond reasonable doubt that a defendant is guilty of an offense (Herrmann, Joachim, p. 468). They achieve this by firstly studying in a detailed manner the charges levelled against the defendant. Also he must examine the corresponding evidence presented which includes any testimonials or witnesses and any other material fact that may affect his case. After accomplishing this task he has a more insightful view of the case and is best able to make an informed decision. At this juncture he may decide to file the case or drop the charges and recommend lesser sentences for the defendants who agree to plead guilty to a certain crime: a process that is referred to as plea bargaining (Heumann, 1977). If the criterion for taking a case was more stringent, many cases would be dismissed due to lack of concrete evidence. This is because majority of the cases brought to the court have circumstantial evidence but with great eyewitness testimony. If the criterion was less stringent on the other hand, the court system would be overburdened with cases lacking sufficient evidence and support, hence resulting in less attention being accorded to cases that urgently require it. The criminal justice system has been defined as resembling a funnel that is, being wide at the top and being narrow at the bottom. This is interpreted to mean that there are more suspects and defendants in the justice system than there are convicted offenders who have successfully passed through the correctional system. The criminal justice system has a number of processes that an offender goes through, beginning with the investigation process and ending with the release of a convicted individual from a correctional facility. As criminals pass through the criminal justice system, quite a number of cases are dismissed due to a variety of reasons one being the lack of sufficient evidence. Discretion is another effect brought about by the criminal justice funnel. Many of the cases in the criminal justice system are investigated, tried or dismissed purely on the basis of personal choices. These choices are made by persons who use discretion to decide on individual cases. Also police officers may decide whether to conduct investigations on a case or to just go ahead and make an arrest of the suspect, again based on personal choice. Whereas on the other hand, attorneys and judges also interpret information to decide on the bail applications and plea bargains (Hermann Joachim, p. 468). Unreported cases is also another factor emerging form this system. A number of crimes go unreported for a variety of reasons and this allows the offenders of such crimes go off Scott free and mingle with other people in the society. This adds to the ever growing number of cases that do not make their way into the early stages and final stages of the criminal justice system. Case backlog means that the defendants have to wait longer in order to get a verdict on the case. It means t the defendant has to remain as a suspect for a prolonged period. Some of the offenders that are held in custody are there because simply the offenses they committed can not be granted bail and other offenders are there because they have been unable to post bail. This backlog also inhibits the justice process by helping offenders get away with their crimes. This is especially evident where case requires immediate analysis of evidence (Daly, 2011).

How to Use Sample Instructions For Essay Questions

How to Use Sample Instructions For Essay QuestionsSample instructions for essay questions will help you learn more about the various types of essay writing. These instructions will give you a general idea of how essay writing works. You can use these sample questions to apply what you have learned to a real essay on a real assignment.The first thing that you need to do when you begin writing your paper is to figure out what type of topic for your paper will cover. You want to pick a topic that you enjoy writing about or that you are comfortable with. It might be useful to include several different topics that you might write about on the essay to help narrow down your choices.Once you have decided on a topic, you need to think about what type of theme you want your paper to follow. There are many themes that you can choose from. You might even decide to add a personal touch to your essay by adding a personal theme that you can discuss in your essay.Now that you have chosen a topic, i t is time to look at the sample instructions for essay questions. Most of the time, you will be given samples that will help you better understand the style of writing that you will be using in your essay. These instructions will give you the general idea of what to write about and how to structure your essay.As you go through the instructions for essay questions, you will realize that there are many different ways that you can frame your essay. It is also important to remember that you can use different methods of writing in each section of your essay. You should try to use different types of techniques in different sections of your essay.Once you have chosen a style, you will want to learn the most effective techniques for writing a persuasive essay. You should also be able to relate your essay to other things that you have read or done. The best examples of persuasive essays are those where the author was able to convincingly explain their opinion.Once you understand the instruct ions for essay questions and your style of writing, you will want to start researching for essay topics that you know are good examples of persuasive essays. Some of the best essay topics that you will come across are the political issues that you feel strongly about. If you think about the issues that are on your mind, it might be easier to relate the things that you have written to the things that others have written about these topics.You should always make sure that your essay is written in a clear and concise manner. This is one of the most important steps in essay writing. The more attention that you pay to the details, the better your essay will be.

Charles Darwin And Imperialism Essays - Charles Darwin, Free Essays

Charles Darwin And Imperialism Essays - Charles Darwin, Free Essays Charles Darwin And Imperialism England went through dramatic changes in the 19th century. English culture, socio-economic structure and politics where largely influenced by the principles of science. Many social expressions occurred due to these changes. Transformations which categorized this time period could be observed in social institutions; for instance: the switch from popular Evangelicalism to atheism, emergence of feminism and the creation of new political ideologies (Liberalism, Conservatism and Radicalism). These are just a few of the changes that took place. All of this social alteration can be attributed to the importance of science. The English people began to trust more in empiricism and logical thought than in faith and glory of the empire . One who contributed greatly to this transformation was Charles Darwin. In his two most famous works, The Origin of Species and The Decent of Man, Darwin introduces the concept of "the survival of the fittest" and "natural selection". The Darwinian ideas introduced into English society justified a great number of political policies and social movements. England at the turn of the century was still a largest power in the international system. The English perceived, through the justification of Darwinism, they were fit to be the imperial hegemon in the world. The issue this essay will deal with is Imperialism and how Darwinism justified its practice. Darwin argued in his work, The Decent of Man, "When civilised nations come into contact with barbarians the struggle is short except where a deadly climate gives its aid to the native race. . . the grade of civilisation seems to be a most important element in success in competing nations."(Darwin, Decent of Man, p. 297). In this observation, Darwin connotated superiority to civilized nations. In this same work, he referred to the indigenous people as "savages, barbarians and tribal men". This immediately transfers a condescending attitude toward the "uncivilised people". Darwin classified them as tribes while the English and other Aryan cultures were a race. These claims of basic inequality gave the English the "jurisdiction" philosophically, to exploit the colonies to a greater level than previously attained. The drive to "Christianize" the colonies was abandoned, politically. The view shifted from "owing the primitive world" education and Christianity, to a more self-interested "we English are naturally better". Therefore, the we should be exploiting you, because, that is why you are here. Charles Darwin had a tremendous amount of influence on the scientific community and the English population. It can be seen that Darwinism played a large part in justifying the imperial behavior of England. Darwin's studies on nature and the behavior of animals had unlocked "Pandora's Box" in a manner of speaking. He studies reveal how close to nature humanity really is. The English empire quickly saw themselves as a dominant predatorial species of the world. In conclusion, the English empire used Darwinian concept to justify the on-going process of imperialism. Charles Darwin's ideas elevated the ego's of the English people to over-estimate themselves socially and globally. The affects of Darwinism can be seen throughout the spectrum of social interaction both in the animal kingdom and human society.

Follow several easy steps and create an unforgettable term paper!

Follow several easy steps and create an unforgettable term paper! Follow several easy steps and create an unforgettable term paper! Writing a term paper, for some students, is an arduous task. Even though writing a term paper is a big project, there are several steps that will help make the process go smoother such as first choosing a topic.   Inform or persuade? The next step is to decide if you want to inform or persuade your readers. Next, do some research on topics you find interesting. If something interests you in your life, write it down.   Evaluate your options Most importantly, evaluate your options. If your goal is to educate, choose a subject that you have already studied. If your goal is to persuade, choose a subject that you are passionate about. Whatever the focus is of the paper, make sure that you are interested in your topic. Prepare an outline and write your Thesis statement Next, prepare an outline for your term paper. For your term paper to be excellent, your thoughts need to be orderly and organized. If you choose to write an outline, write your topic at the top of the page. List your main ideas. Under each idea, list other smaller ideas that relate to your main idea. This will help you as you work on your paper because you will see connections that will tie in with the paper. Once your outline is in order, write your thesis statement. Your thesis statement is the main point of your paper. Keep in mind; your thesis statement will have two parts. The first part will state the topic and the second part will state the point/reason of the essay. Body of the essay and your Introduction The next part is to write the body of the essay. The body of your essay should explain, argue or describe your topic. Then, once you have developed your thesis and the body of your essay, it is time to write an introduction. The introduction should grab the reader’s attention and describe the main focus of your essay. Your Conclusion and Summarizing your Ideas Writing the conclusion is the next step in this process. The conclusion should bring closure to the paper and sum up your ideas, as well as providing a final look on your topic. Your conclusion should be no more than five sentences. Then, go back and check your work, such as checking the order of your paragraphs, that your paragraphs make sense, review the instructions for your paper and then review what you have written. Read your paper out loud and see if it makes sense. Be sure to check your essay for grammar and spelling mistakes. Take time for at least two rewrites, making sure everything is in order. Term paper writing service like those available here at Master Essay can be quite helpful with this and will work with you to review and rewrite your essay. To conclude, writing an excellent term paper can be done; however, it requires a plan, hard work and a desire to create a great looking paper! Check out services for help with your term paper!

Tttoos as regulr spect of consumer culture Essay

Tttoos as regulr spect of consumer culture - Essay Example ContemporÐ °ry world is experiencing whÐ °t some cÐ °ll Ð ° second "tÐ °ttoo renÐ °issÐ °nce" (DeMello, 2000:58). Ð s pÐ °rt of this revolution in the populÐ °r culturÐ °l significÐ °nce of tÐ °ttooed flesh, tÐ °ttooing is Ð °scending to unprecedented levels of populÐ °rity Ð °mong Ð ° vÐ °st Ð °rrÐ °y of sociÐ °l groups.Ð  long-stÐ °nding symbol cÐ °lled "body project" (Shilling, 1993:18) is now Ð ° floÐ °ting signifier of Ð ° full pÐ °norÐ °mÐ ° of sociÐ °l stÐ °tuses, roles Ð °nd identities. The tÐ °ttoo is blossoming Ð °s Ð ° polysemic symbol of mÐ °ny countries, Ð °nd is Ð °ctively inserted into the identity politics of Ð ° melÐ °nge of Ð °ctors. Even though tÐ °ttoo enthusiÐ °sts promulgÐ °te pro-sociÐ °l constructions of the Ð °ct, mÐ °ny do not wish tÐ °ttooing to Ð °chieve widespreÐ °d culturÐ °l Ð °cceptÐ °nce. In feÐ °ring the tÐ °ttoo will trÐ °nsform into Ð ° vÐ °cuous culturÐ °l commodity through its common usÐ °ge (Ð °nd quickly forgotten Ð °s Ð ° pÐ °sse trend), enthusiÐ °sts stress how tÐ °ttooing is too good for most people. For these people, the historicÐ °lly deviÐ °nt nÐ °ture of the prÐ °ctice is Ð °lluring, exciting Ð °nd chic. Given the ongoing diversificÐ °tion in the culturÐ °l uses of tÐ °ttooing Ð °nd some of the sensitizing theoreticÐ °l principles outlined Ð °bove, sociÐ °l scientists might recÐ °librÐ °te our understÐ °ndings of the sociÐ °l interdependencies Ð °nd Ð °ffective communicÐ °tions embedded in tÐ °ttoos. ... Even fewer juxtpose the booming populrity of tttooing ginst culturl prescriptions to engge in style of body work underpinned by the impetus to disply one's individulism to others. Theorists regulrly ignore whether tttooing my be prt of wht White nd Young refer to s the estblished "middle-clss body scetic," (Shilling, 1993:18) or wht Monghn (2001:330) describes s "vibrnt physiclity." In relted medicl nd epidemiologicl reserch, tttooing is ttributed to youth impetuousness nd irrtionlit. Tttooing indictes immturity mong t-risk youth nd is correlted with other forms of self-hrm such s physicl ggressiveness, promiscuity, substnce buse nd suicide. ccordingly, enthusists exhibit pucity of foresight in their behviours, prefer physicl expression over cognitive or verbl, nd demonstrte feelings of socil inferiority through unhygienic nd physiclly dngerous ptterns of ction. To voluntrily inflict pin on one's body nd mr the skin with everlsting symbols of impurity is described s overtly ntisocil. Such interprettions ring with Judeo-Christin understndings of the body s scred home, nd legitimte Western-scientific theories bout tttoo enthusism prevlent since the turn of the 19th century (tkinson, 2003:92). Sociologicl nlyses of tttooing produce slightly broder spectrum of interprettion thn psychologicl-medicl. Yet despite DeMello's (2000:61) pth-breking nlyses of tttooing s contextul nd negotited signifier of identity, sociologicl sttements on the culturl use of tttoos ultimtely (re)produce conceptuliztion of the prctice s contr-normtive. The symbiotic reltionship between tttooing nd illegl behviour (or otherwise unconventionl lifestyles) still domintes in sociologicl reserch.